Assessment in early childhood education is most often formative and used to plan interactions with children, activities and programmes in the immediate future. Formative assessment can be formal, involving reflection and analysis in relation to documented observations, or informal, occurring in the moment as teachers observe, listen to and participate in children’s activities. Summative assessment is focused on informing others about children’s learning and achievement over time. 

Assessment enables teachers to give feedback to children and families, and extend children’s knowledge, skills and achievements. Assessment can also be used to evaluate and improve pedagogies, environments and teaching interactions. Documentation of children’s learning can be used to encourage family participation in assessment, invite a range of perspectives and interpretations, and effectively communicate the complex and holistic nature of children’s learning in the early years.  

Case studies indicate the transformative power of learning stories in terms of their positive effect on children’s reflection on themselves as learners and on family involvement in assessment practices. Research in New Zealand and internationally shows that the sharing and use of assessment information that highlights learning and progress over time helps children see themselves as competent, confident learners, and makes transition to school more likely to be successful. 

• Make assessment holistic by including skills, knowledge and dispositions as well as children’s interests and their family’s culture, activities and aspirations for their child 
• Focus on strengthening the dispositions associated with the five strands of the curriculum, and on identifying and developing children’s working theories 
• Go deeper into children’s interests to find out what they are thinking about those interests, and consider how interests can support valued learning outcomes 
• Make learning, rather than activity, visible, and focus on what children have learned in terms of what has changed in their behaviours, language and action 
• Take stock of ongoing assessment and track individual children’s learning over time to explore the continuity of each child’s learning 

• Do you use assessment to notice, recognise and respond to children’s working theories and development of learning dispositions? 
• Do your learning stories for an individual child encompass the richness and breadth of a range of learning outcomes? 
• Do you go beyond description of activities and interests to analyse continuity and change in children’s learning over time? 
• How often do you invite families to interpret and plan next steps for children’s learning? 
• Do you encourage children to contribute to assessment?